Scintillation Effects - Model Citations

These citations provide a starting point for obtaining further information regarding the models used in the high-latitude scintillation demonstration pages.

WBMOD Scintillation Model

Fremouw, E. J., and J. A. Secan, Modeling and scientific application of scintillation results, Radio Sci., 19, 687-0694, 1984.

Fremouw, E. J., and A. Ishimaru, Intensity scintillation index and mean apparent radar cross section on monostatic and bistatic paths, Radio Sci., 27, 539-543, 1992.

Rino, C. L., A power law phase screen model for ionospheric scintillation, 1, Weak scatter, Radio Sci., 6, 1135-1145, 1979.

Secan, J. A., R. M. Bussey, E. J. Fremouw, and Sa. Basu, An improved model of equatorial scintillation, Radio Sci., 30, 607-617, 1995.

Secan, J. A., R. M. Bussey, E. J. Fremouw, and Sa. Basu, High-latitude upgrade to the Wideband ionospheric scintillation model, Radio Sci., 32, 1567-1574, 1997.

Auroral Precipitation Boundary Models

Equatorward Boundary

Gussenhoven, M.S., D.A. Hardy, and N. Heinemann, Systematics of the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5692-5708, 1983.

Poleward Boundary

Elkins, T. J., Ionospheric clutter model for OTH radar, Report MTR10299, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, p. 39, 1987.

Vondrak, R. R., G. Smith, V. E. Hatfield, R. T. Tsunoda, V. R. Frank, and P. D. Perreault, Chatanika model of the high-latitude ionosphere for application to HF propagation prediction, Report RADC-TR-78-7, Rome Air Development Center, Hanscom AFB, MA, pp 69-73, 1977.